• NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 2008-2012, Modeling the Carbon Cycle and Climate: Ocean Processes to Global Predictions
• Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, 2005-2032
• NASA, 2011-2014, Connecting phytoplankton cell size to variability in the ocean carbon sink
• NASA, 2011-2014, The Impact of Thermocline Induction on Decadal Variability of the North Atlantic Carbon Sink

• "Convergence of atmospheric and North Atlantic carbon dioxide trends on multidecadal timescales"

McKinley GA, Fay AR, Metzl N, et al., Nature Geoscience 4(9): 606-610 Sep 2011. Here, we examine trends in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the surface waters of three large biogeographic regions in the North Atlantic, using observational data collected between 1981 and 2009. 

• "Observed variability of Lake Superior pCO(2"

Atilla N, Baehr M, Wu C, et al., Limnology and Oceanography 56(3): 775-786 May 2011. We present and compare direct and indirect pCO(2) observations taken in Lake Superior in the last decade and use them to understand temporal and spatial variability in lake carbon cycle processes.

• "Trends in the North Atlantic carbon sink: 1992-2006"

Ullman DJ, McKinley GA, Bennington V, et al., Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23 article #GB4011 Oct 2009. A biogeochemical general circulation model is used to assess the impact of climate variability from 1992 to 2006 on air-sea CO2 fluxes and ocean surface pCO(2) in the North Atlantic and to understand trends in the North Atlantic carbon sink over this time period.

• "What does chlorophyll variability tell us about export and air-sea CO2 flux variability in the North Atlantic?"

Bennington V, McKinley GA Dutkiewicz S. Global BioGeochemical Cycles 23: GB3002 July 2009. The importance of biology to the ocean carbon sink is often quantified in terms of export, the removal of carbon from the ocean surface layer. Satellite images of sea surface chlorophyll indicate variability in biological production, but how these variations affect export and air-sea carbon fluxes is poorly understood.

• Intra-University Collaboration: Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Climatic Research, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences
• Michigan Technological University, Civil & Environmental Engineering

• Google Earth
• MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm)